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Measurements and Standards for the Climate Change Science Program (+$5 million)

Accurate measurements of the sun’s energy output are critical for predicting climate change. This image of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation shows differences in the temperatures on the sun’s surface. photo courtesy NASA/JPL

Challenge

The climate is changing. Determining how fast it is changing and understanding the complex relationship between all the environmental variables to allow accurate predictions is part of the objective of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program. Some of the drivers of climate, such as the sun’s output, may vary slowly over decades. As a result, climate predictions depend critically on developing absolute measurements of the sun’s energy that can be compared accurately over decades from different sensors. Other important variables include the sizes, shapes, and chemical composition of particles or droplets (aerosols) in the atmosphere. Aerosol effects can range from contributing to a warmer atmosphere to a net cooling effect.

Many different climate monitoring systems in space, in the air, and on the ground are currently monitoring solar output as well as trapping and reflection of heat by the Earth's atmosphere. These systems are operated by many countries and research groups. Establishment of absolute calibration and standard references will allow accurate intercomparisons of these systems, will help identify small environmental changes occurring over many years, and will reduce uncertainties in the data input to global climate change models.

Proposed NIST Program

With the funding provided through this initiative and in coordination with other agencies, NIST will develop:

• An international irradiance measurement scale to be used in rigorously calibrating satellite light intensity instruments prior to launch to ensure sufficient accuracy to allow valid comparisons among results from different instruments or from data sets taken over different periods of time;
• New instrument design strategies and quality assurance programs to optimize accuracy and stability of satellite-based irradiance measurement systems;
• Techniques for generating specific types of aerosols in the laboratory, measuring aerosol optical and physical properties, and for simulating aerosol properties that cannot yet be measured in the laboratory; and
• A database of critically evaluated data on aerosol properties collected at NIST and elsewhere.

Expected Impacts

This initiative will fill two critical gaps in data needed for accurate climate modeling:

• Enabling the accurate determination of the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth over specific periods of time; and
• Measuring the properties and behavior of aerosols in the atmosphere that impact global climate.

Data collected through these efforts will improve the accuracy of climate change predictions, providing policymakers with better information about the impact of various policy options.