Optical photonic integrated optical clocks on photonic integrated circuits are described. The optical clocks can provide the timing stability of atomic clocks at ultra-low size and power. The optical clocks are be fabricated using CMOS foundry fabrication processes.
This invention enables low SWaP microwave signal generation and scalable manufacturing compatibility with integrated photonics. Moreover, through the second harmonic stabilization technique, our invention accesses low frequency drift. The combination of these factors enable microwave signal generation outside the profile of existing technologies, hence offering advantage commercially and technically.