An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Three-dimensional (3D) integration is a key enabling technology for compact, high-performance, and/or low-power electronics. This technology enables the fabrication of circuits with functions that commonly cannot be fabricated on a single substrate in a smaller 3D footprint, a key consideration in portable and wearable devices, or can enable higher density of transistors in a 3D footprint, a key consideration in high-performance computing. 3D stacking, in turn, is enabled by wafer bonding, whereby two or more wafers are bonded into a single device, which can then be inserted into a system.