Comparative study of multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites by Raman, SEM, and XPS measurement techniques

Published

March 3, 2021

Author(s)

Yanmei Piao, Vipin Tondare, Chelsea S. Davis, Justin Gorham, Elijah Petersen, Jeffrey W. Gilman, Keana Scott, Andras Vladar, Angela R. Hight Walker

Abstract

Substantial ongoing research efforts are investigating the production of novel composite material enhanced by the incorporation of nanomaterial fillers such as multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). While the addition of MWCNTs have been shown to improve the properties of polymer nanocomposites, it is critical to develop robust methods to detect and quantify MWCNTs in nanocomposites to assess potential hazards and risks from the use of MWCNTs in composite materials. Therefore, we have assessed the effectiveness of three commonly applied characterization methods on a series of MWCNT epoxy nanocomposites (MWCNT concentrations spanned two orders of magnitude from 0.01 % to 1.0 % by nominal mass fraction). The methods used for this study were X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A general trend of positive correlation between signal intensity and MWCNT mass loading was observed by both Raman spectroscopy and XPS, although the relatively large error bars were indicative of an inhomogeneous distribution of MWCNT in the composites. Raman spectroscopy was capable of consistently detecting MWCNTs at the lowest nominal concentration tested (0.01 %) while for XPS, MWCNTs were consistently detected at ≈ 0.5 %. To also assess the comparability of measurements of the spatial distribution of MWCNTs within the nanocomposite samples, analysis of the same locations of two composite samples with nominal MWCNT mass fractions of 0.3 % and 1.0 % using Raman microscopy and SEM revealed an identical spatial resolution and detectability of MWCNT clusters and with the higher mass loading sample having a higher number of MWCNT rich domains. This analysis also revealed a potential artifact if SEM analysis of the MWCNT spatial distribution was conducted before Raman spectroscopy analysis, suggesting a sequential characterization order should be followed when multiple techniques are involved.

Citation

Composites Science and Technology

Volume

208

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108753

Local Download

Citation

Piao, Y. , Tondare, V. , Davis, C. , Gorham, J. , Petersen, E. , Gilman, J. , Scott, K. , Vladar, A. and Hight Walker, A. (2021), Comparative study of multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites by Raman, SEM, and XPS measurement techniques, Composites Science and Technology, [online], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108753, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=921785 (Accessed November 21, 2024)