Extreme Bottom-up filling of Through-Silicon-Vias by Damascene Processing: Suppressor disruption, postiive feedback and Turing patterns.

Published

January 26, 2012

Author(s)

Thomas P. Moffat, Daniel Josell

Abstract

Bottom-up copper filling of annular through-silicon-vias (TSV) is demonstrated using a CuSO_(4)-H_(2)SO-(4) electroplating bath containing chloride and a polyether suppressor. Via filling occurs almost exclusively by deposition on the bottom via surface. The differential between the incoming fluxes of hydrated metal cations and larger suppressor molecules is accentuated by the recessed via geometry and accounts for preferential metal deposition initiating and growing from the bottom surface. The bottom-up growth front eventually propagates beyond the via opening and a substantial overburden develops. Feature filling is enhanced in electrolytes with a high [Cu2+]/[H3O+] ratio where global coupling by migration helps sustain the flux of Cu (2+) to actively growing surface sections. Bottom-up filling relies on positive feedback whereby inhibition provided by adsorption of the polyether additive on the chloride saturated surface is disrupted by the metal deposition reaction. Release of the waters of hydration that accompanies reduction of the Cu (2+) aquo complex contributes to the sustained disruption of suppressor activity at the growth front. The correlation between TSV filling and additive-generated voltammetric hysteresis, that also involves a negative-differential-resistance (S-NDR) coupled with the electrolyte resistance, provides a general framework for understanding and guiding optimization of the bottom-up growth mode in recessed surface features.

Citation

Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Pub Type

Journals

Keywords

Bottom-up filling, copper electrodeposition, interconnects, polyethers, metallization, through-silicon-vias, TSV

Citation

Moffat, T. and Josell, D. (2012), Extreme Bottom-up filling of Through-Silicon-Vias by Damascene Processing: Suppressor disruption, postiive feedback and Turing patterns., Journal of the Electrochemical Society (Accessed October 20, 2025)