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Displaying 51 - 75 of 80

Selection of Alternatives to Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

October 1, 2005
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, Gregory F. Strouse
A desire to increase automation or to eliminate the use of mercury has prompted several ASTM committees to consider alternatives to ASTM Liquid-in-Glass (LiG) thermometers. In this paper, we address the technical issues of choosing an alternative. We first

Uncertainty Budgets for Comparison Calibrations of Thermocouples

August 7, 2005
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, K Garrity
By means of concrete examples, we discuss the determination of an uncertainty budget for calibration of thermocouples by comparison techniques. In the first example, the calibration of a type T thermocouple (copper versus copper-nickel alloy) in a stirred

Comparing the Transient Response of a Resistive-Type Sensor With a Thin Film Thermocouple During the Post-Exposure Bake Process

April 1, 2004
Author(s)
Kenneth G. Kreider, D P. DeWitt, J B. Fowler, J E. Proctor, William A. Kimes, Dean C. Ripple, Benjamin K. Tsai
Recent studies on dynamic temperature profiling and lithographic performance modeling of the post-exposure bake (PEB) process have demonstrated that the rate of heating and cooling may have an important influence on resist lithographic response. Generally

Calibration of Radiation Thermometers in Rapid Thermal Processing Tools Using Si Wafers with Thin Film Thermocouples

October 1, 2003
Author(s)
Kenneth G. Kreider, William A. Kimes, Christopher W. Meyer, Dean C. Ripple, Benjamin K. Tsai, D H. Chen, D P. DeWitt
Rapid thermal processing (RTP) tools are currently monitored and controlled with lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs) which have been calibrated with thermocouple instrumented wafers. We have developed a thin-film thermocouple wafer that enables more

Comment On 'General Principles for the Definition of the Base Units in the SI'

October 1, 2003
Author(s)
Michael R. Moldover, Dean C. Ripple
Recently, Kose et al. proposed general principles that should guide any future discussions regarding the redefinition of the SI base units and they illustrated their principles with an example of a revised SI. Part of their example (redefinition of the

A Four-Zone Furnace for Realization of Silver and Gold Freezing Points

September 1, 2003
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, K Garrity, Christopher W. Meyer
Recently, the Thermocouple Calibration Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology has used sodium heat-pipe furnaces for the realization of ITS-90 freezing points of aluminum, silver, and gold. When using a fixed-point cell mounted in

Progress in Primary Acoustic Thermometry at NIST: 273 K to 505 K

September 1, 2003
Author(s)
Gregory F. Strouse, Dana R. Defibaugh, Michael R. Moldover, Dean C. Ripple
The NIST Acoustic Thermometer determines the thermodynamic temperature by measuring the speed of sound of argon in a spherical cavity. We obtained the thermodynamic temperature of three fixed points on the Interna-tionalTemperature Scale of 1990: the

Techniques for Primary Acoustic Thermometry to 800 K

September 1, 2003
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, Dana R. Defibaugh, Michael R. Moldover, Gregory F. Strouse
The NIST Primary Acoustic Thermometer will measure the difference between the International TemperatureScale of 1990 and the Kelvin Thermodynamic Scale throughout the range 273 K to 800 K with uncertainties of only afew millikelvins. The acoustic

Review of Traceable Temperatures and Temperature Measurement

September 1, 2002
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple
Traceable Temperatures outlines the most common methods of measuring temperature and teaches the reader practical skills in assuring that those measurements are made with confidence at a known level of uncertainty. For a beginning user of thermometers or

Standard Reference Material 1749: Au/Pt Thermocouple Thermometer

March 1, 2002
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, G W. Burns
Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1749 is a lot of 18 specially-constructed gold versus platinum (Au/Pt) thermocouple thermometers, each calibrated on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and supplied with integral lead wires and a

The Role of High-purity Noble Metals in Precision Thermometry

November 1, 2001
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, Gregory F. Strouse, Weston L. Tew
A variety of alternate calibration schemes which approximate the ITS-90 are possible when using high-purity noble metals. The high purity of the sensor materials allows the use of correlations that exist between the measured properties at fixed point

The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
Billy W. Mangum, G T. Furukawa, Kenneth G. Kreider, Christopher W. Meyer, Dean C. Ripple, Gregory F. Strouse, Weston L. Tew, Robert D. Saunders, Bettye C. Johnson, Howard W. Yoon, Michael R. Moldover, Charles E. Gibson
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS90) is defined from 0.65 K upwards to the highest temperature measurable by spectral radiation thermometry, the radiation thermometry being based on the Planck radiation law. Part I of this paper describes

NIST 60. NIST ITS-90 Thermocouple Database

December 21, 1999
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple
This database fully reproduces the tables of NIST Monograph 175, Temperature-Electromotive ForceReference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90, by Burns, Scroger, Strouse, Croarkin, and Guthrie.These

Calibration of Thin-Film Thermocouples on Silicon Wafers

June 1, 1999
Author(s)
Kenneth G. Kreider, Dean C. Ripple, D P. DeWitt
Thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) can be fabricated from a much broader range of electrical conductors than wire thermocouples, but even with the same composition as the wire thermocouple, the TFTCs may have different thermoelectric coefficients. Also, the

Dynamic Contact Angle of a Liquid Spreading on a Heated Plate

June 1, 1999
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple
An equation determining the steady-state profile of a liquid meniscus advancing or receding across a heated plate is derived. The effects of liquid evaporation, intermolecular interaction with the plate, and thermocapillarity are included. Numerical and

Primary Acoustic Thermometer for Use Up to 800 K

April 1, 1999
Author(s)
Dean C. Ripple, Dana R. Defibaugh, Keith A. Gillis, Michael R. Moldover
Primary acoustic thermometers determine the thermodynamic temperature of a monatomic gas from measurements of the speed of sound in the gas. Here, we describe the design and construction of an acoustic thermometer designed to operate at temperatures up to

Determination of the Seebeck Coefficient of Thin-Film Thermocouples

May 1, 1998
Author(s)
Kenneth G. Kreider, Dean C. Ripple, D P. DeWitt
Thin-film thermocouples have been found useful in numerous applications ranging from thermal convertors, heat flux gages, and thermopiles to surface temperature sensors for turbine engine blades and diesel engine cylinders. Because of their small size