February 26, 2019
      
                  
        
  Author(s)
  Roger V.  Bostelman,   Elena R. Messina
 
       
            
    
    
        A-UGV has been defined by ASTM Committee F45 as an "Automatic, Automated, or Autonomous vehicle that operates while in contact with the ground without a human operator." However, what do the levels actually mean to manufacturers, users, or especially