Semi-automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes

Published

October 19, 2022

Author(s)

Erich Jarvis, Giulio Formenti, Jennifer McDaniel, Nathanael David Olson, Justin Wagner, Justin Zook, Kerstin Howe, Karen Miga

Abstract

The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has benefitted society. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological genome as it is a blend of multiple individuals. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a nearly homozygous genome5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium formed with the goal of creating high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches yield the most complete and accurate diploid genome assembly with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent–child data with graph-based haplotype phasing during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of the top-performing methods, we generated our first high-quality diploid reference assembly, containing only approximately four gaps per chromosome on average, with most chromosomes within ±1% of the length of CHM13. Nearly 48% of protein-coding genes have non-synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest diversity. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at scale for a pangenome reference to capture global genetic variation from single nucleotides to structural rearrangements.

Citation

Nature

Volume

611

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05325-5

Local Download

Keywords

genomics, reference materials, assembly, variant calling, reference genome

Citation

Jarvis, E. , Formenti, G. , McDaniel, J. , Olson, N. , Wagner, J. , Zook, J. , Howe, K. and Miga, K. (2022), Semi-automated assembly of high-quality diploid human reference genomes, Nature, [online], https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05325-5, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=934150 (Accessed December 3, 2024)