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Displaying 476 - 500 of 3836

Evaluating the Initial Field Performance of HVAC-Cx for Air Handling Units

August 17, 2016
Author(s)
Natascha S. Milesi-Ferretti, Michael A. Galler, Steven T. Bushby
Automated commissioning tools facilitate the ongoing commissioning process to improve occupant comfort, ensure the persistence of correct system operation, and reduce energy consumption. These tools decrease the time and the skill level required to carry

Alternate Substrates for Measuring Cigarette Ignition Propensity Using ASTM E 2187

August 11, 2016
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Edward J. Hnetkovsky, William F. Guthrie
ASTM E 2187 has become the internationally referenced standard for designing and specifying less fire-prone cigarettes. In this Standard, a lit cigarette is placed on a substrate consisting of a number of layers of filter paper. The metric is whether the

Interlaboratory Study of an Alternate Substrate for Use in ASTM E 2187

August 11, 2016
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Morgan Bruns, Edward J. Hnetkovsky, William F. Guthrie
ASTM E 2187 has become the internationally referenced standard for designing and specifying less fire-prone cigarettes. In this test method, a lit cigarette is laid on multiple layers of filter paper, and the observer identifies whether the cigarette burns

Thermal Exposure Sensor for Fire Fighters - full-Scale Performance Experiments

July 26, 2016
Author(s)
Nelson P. Bryner, Atul Deshmukh, John Casali, Jeff Lancaster, Roy A. McLane
During structural fire fighting suppression operations, fire fighters wear protective gear to insulate them from the high temperature environment including hot combustion gases, burning surfaces, and thermal radiation. Current turnout gear insulates the

Thermal Exposure Sensor for Fire Fighters - Laboratory-Scale Performance Experiments

July 26, 2016
Author(s)
Nelson P. Bryner, Atul Deshmukh, John Casali, Jeff Lancaster, Roy A. McLane
During structural fire fighting operations, fire fighters wear protective gear to insulate them from high temperature environments, including hot combustion gases, burning surfaces, and thermal radiation. Current turnout gear insulates the fire fighter to

Effects of Wind Speed and Angle on Fire Spread along Privacy Fences

July 25, 2016
Author(s)
Erik L. Johnsson, Alexander Maranghides
A series of experiments was conducted to examine fire spread along fences subjected to wind at various speeds and angles. Specifically, sections of western redcedar, California redwood, or vinyl privacy fences were ignited with a burner. Wind fields of 9 m

Influence of Antimony-Halogen Additives on Flame Propagation

July 8, 2016
Author(s)
Valeri I. Babushok, Peter Deglmann, Gregory T. Linteris, Roland H. Kraemer
A kinetic model for flame inhibition by antimony-halogen compounds in hydrocarbon flames is developed. Thermodynamic data for the relevant species are assembled from the literature, and calculations are performed for a large set of additional species of Sb

Influence of Hydrocarbon Moiety of DMMP on Flame Propagation in Lean Mixtures

July 7, 2016
Author(s)
Gregory T. Linteris, Valeri I. Babushok, Viswanath R. Katta, Fumiaki Takahashi
Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) have been found to be significantly more effective than CF3Br for reducing burning velocity when added to stoichiometric hydrocarbon-air flames. However, when added to lean flames, DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate) is

Pros and Cons of Egress Drills

July 4, 2016
Author(s)
Steve Gwynne, Karen E. Boyce, Erica D. Kuligowski, Daniel Nilsson, Amanda Robbins, Ruggiero Lovreglio
This article explores how egress drills are currently employed, their impact, and the insights gained from them. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for enhancement through the use of other egress models to

Operation Tomodachi -Fire Research Special Issue

July 1, 2016
Author(s)
Samuel L. Manzello, Sayaka Suzuki
NIST’s Engineering Laboratory (EL-NIST) hosted “Operation Tomodachi – Fire Research” on March 16-18, 2015 in Gaithersburg, MD USA. Tomodachi means friendship in Japanese. This workshop was organized by Dr. Samuel L. Manzello of EL-NIST in partnership with

Numerical modeling of heat transfer in steel-concrete composite slabs

June 10, 2016
Author(s)
Jian Jiang, Joseph A. Main, Jonathan M. Weigand, Fahim Sadek
This paper presents detailed and reduced-order numerical modeling of heat transfer in composite floor slabs with profiled steel decking. The detailed modeling approach represents the concrete slab with solid elements and the steel decking with shell

Movement on Stairs During Building Evacuations

June 8, 2016
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, Erica D. Kuligowski, Robert C. Hagwood
The time that it takes an occupant population to reach safety when descending a stair during building evacuations is typically estimated by measureable engineering variables such as stair geometry, speed, stair density, and pre-observation delay. In turn

High-temperature material constitutive models for structural-fire analysis

June 7, 2016
Author(s)
Chao Zhang, Lisa Choe, John L. Gross
The applicability of three steel constitutive models was evaluated using finite-element analyses and various member capacity equations. Three different high-temperature stress-strain models were compared: the model recently developed by the National

The performance of structural steel beams subject to a localized fire

June 7, 2016
Author(s)
Lisa Choe, Selvarajah Ramesh, Chao Zhang, John L. Gross
This paper presents the results from the open flame, localized fire tests conducted on the 6.17-m long, simply supported W16×26 beam specimens. The cross sections at midspan (i.e. expected plastic hinge zone) of the beam specimen directly exposed to the

An Improved Method Of Modeling Infiltration In Commercial Building Energy Models

June 1, 2016
Author(s)
Lisa C. Ng, Steven J. Emmerich, Andrew K. Persily
Different strategies for improving building envelope thermal performance are being implemented in commercial building design and construction as well as being incorporated into ASHRAE standards and other design requirements. The energy impacts of

Premixed flame inhibition by CF3Br and C3H2F3Br (2-BTP)

June 1, 2016
Author(s)
John Pagliaro, Gregory T. Linteris, Nicolas Bouvet
The un-stretched burning velocities and Markstein lengths of premixed CH4- and C3H8-air flames with added C3H2F3Br (2-BTP) or CF3Br (Halon 1301), have been studied experimentally and numerically. The predicted un-stretched burning velocities, using a

Guidance for the Model User on Representing Human Behavior in Egress Models

May 24, 2016
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Steve Gwynne, Michael Kinsey, Lynn Hulse
Structures are currently designed and constructed in accordance with prescriptive and performance-based (PBD) methodologies to ensure a certain level of safety. The performance-based approach requires the quantification of both ASET (Available Safe Egress

Calibration of rheometers for cementitious materials

May 16, 2016
Author(s)
Chiara F. Ferraris, Nicos Martys, William L. George, Edward J. Garboczi, Alex Olivas
The calibration of rheometers to determine the rheological properties of cement based materials ranging from cement paste to concrete cannot be done using standard oils as they are cost prohibitive and do not possess sufficient granularity to test slip
Displaying 476 - 500 of 3836