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Displaying 1 - 25 of 75862

Refrigerant Properties Development R&D: Final Report to U.S. Department of Energy on Interagency Agreements 892434-19-S-EE000031 and 892434-23-S-EE000120

March 31, 2025

Author(s)

Mark McLinden, Katrina Avery, Ala Bazyleva, Ian Bell, Tara Fortin, Marcia Huber, Andrei Kazakov, Eric Lemmon, Stephanie Outcalt, Richard Perkins, Elizabeth Rasmussen, Demian Riccardi, Aaron Rowane

The HVAC&R industry is facing the challenge of phasing down the use of the HFC (hydrofluoro-carbon) refrigerants. New energy-efficient refrigerants are required, and accurate property data for them are needed to design and operate new HVAC equipment using

The Character of Burning Residential and Office Items

March 31, 2025

Author(s)

Anthony Hamins, Giovanni Di Cristina Torres, Matthew Bundy, Anthony Chakalis, Marco Fernandez, Ickchan Kim, Selvarajah Ramesh, Mauro Zammarano

A series of experiments are reported on the burning behavior of single items and assemblies commonly found in offices and residences, including chairs, sofas, mattresses with pillows and bedclothes, and some miscellaneous items such as laptops, bookshelves

Critical assessment of the quality of AlphaFold3 structural predictions for RNA and DNA: the imitation game

March 30, 2025

Author(s)

Christina Bergonzo, Alexander Grishaev

AlphaFold3 (AF3), available as a webserver, predicts the structures of all life's biomolecules. We evaluate its accuracy for oligonucleotides via agreement with experimental observables, as determination of RNA structure is known to present challenges for

Ultra-low field magnetic resonance breast imaging for compact proton therapy systems

March 29, 2025

Author(s)

Friderike Longarino, Sheng Shen, Neha Koonjoo, Torben Hornung, Rachel Jimenez, Elie Mehanna, John Burge, Zoelle Wilson, Kathryn Keenan, Thomas Bortfeld, Matthew Rosen, Susu Yan

On the Possibility of Adding a Repeatability Requirement for the Indirect Verification of Charpy Machines in ASTM E23

March 27, 2025

Author(s)

Enrico Lucon

Since 1989, the NIST Charpy Machine Verification Program in Boulder, Colorado has been indirectly verifying Charpy machines around the world according to ASTM E23, Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials, and ISO 148-2

Informational Scientific Primers for Officers of the Court: Intended to Strengthen Use of Forensic Science Evidence

March 26, 2025

Author(s)

JP Jones, Laurel Farrell, Lisa M. Benson

Officers of the Court including judges and attorneys can benefit from receiving information from neutral sources to inform their understanding of foundational scientific and forensic science principles. Inspired by a request from Congress and a National

Response to "Comment on 'Third density and acoustic virial coefficients of helium isotopologues from ab initio calculations'"

March 26, 2025

Author(s)

Daniele Binosi, Giovanni Garberoglio, Allan Harvey

This is a Response to a Comment concerning apparent differences between our published calculations for the third virial coefficient of Helium-3 at cryogenic temperatures and some experimental data sources.

Adversarial Machine Learning: A Taxonomy and Terminology of Attacks and Mitigations

March 24, 2025

Author(s)

Apostol Vassilev, Alina Oprea, Alie Fordyce, Hyrum Anderson, Xander Davies, Maia Hamin

This NIST Trustworthy and Responsible AI report provides a taxonomy of concepts and defines terminology in the field of adversarial machine learning (AML). The taxonomy is arranged in a conceptual hierarchy that includes key types of ML methods, life cycle

A method to calibrate angular positioning errors using a laser tracker and a plane mirror

March 20, 2025

Author(s)

Balasubramanian Muralikrishnan, Katharine Shilling, Vincent Lee, Olga Ridzel, Glenn Holland, John Villarrubia

We describe a method to calibrate angular positioning errors of a rotation stage using a laser tracker (LT), a plane mirror mounted on the stage, and stationary registration nests placed around the stage. Our technique involves determining the direction of

Electron transport in bilayer graphene nanoconstrictions patterned using atomic force microscope nanolithography

March 20, 2025

Author(s)

Robert Rienstra, Nishat Sultana, En-Min Shih, Evan Stocker, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Curt Richter, Joseph Stroscio, Nikolai Zhitenev, Fereshte Ghahari Kermani

Here we report on low temperature transport measurements of encapsulated bilayer graphene nano constrictions fabricated employing electrode-free AFM-based local anodic oxidation (LAO) nanolithography. This technique allows for the creation of constrictions

Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in New Firefighter Turnout Gear Textiles

March 20, 2025

Author(s)

Andrew Maizel, Andre Thompson, Benjamin Place, Alix Rodowa, Jessica Reiner, Audrey Tombaugh, Halen Solomon, Brittany Stinger, Michelle Donnelly, Rick Davis

Firefighter turnout gear provides protection from exposure to flame, heat, and liquids, but has also been found to contain numerous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Previous examinations of PFAS in firefighter turnout gear have predominantly

Phase Transition Temperatures of the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

March 19, 2025

Author(s)

Donald Burgess

This work compiles and evaluates phase transition temperatures for the elements that can exist in two or more crystalline forms (allotropes) at normal atmospheric pressure. The crystal phases are labeled by Greek letters in the most common conventions

The Development of Standards for the Ethical Use of Human Skeletal Remains for Education, Research, and Training in Forensic Anthropology

March 19, 2025

Author(s)

Nicholas Passalacqua, Eric Bartelink, Wendy McQuade, Dawnie Steadman, Donna Boyd, Kate Spradley, Kelly Sauerwein, Ranee Ho

We present a proposed standard regarding the use of contemporary human skeletal remains in education, training, and research contexts in forensic anthropology. This document was generated by the Anthropology subcommittee of the Organization of Scientific

On the Impact of Hydrogen Infiltration into Amorphous Oxide Transistor Performance during Forming Gas Annealing (FGA) and its Mitigation

March 18, 2025

Author(s)

Yu-Hsin Kuo, Dylan J. Matthews, Shinichiro N. Muramoto, TaeYoung Song, Chengyang Zhang, Xianduo Zhao, Md S. Rahman, Sanghyun Kang, Andres S. Aguirre, Seung M. Lee, Daewon Ha, Sourav Dutta, Theodore Moise, Jayakanth Ravichandran, Shimeng Yu, Alexander Grutter, Suman Datta, Tania Roy, Asif I. Khan

We present, for the first time, a CMOS-compatible and highly effective hydrogen barrier layer composed of thin Al2O3 and HfO2 films, integrated into ALD-based 4% W-doped In2O3-based amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) transistors. Following 4000 C FGA (4%

Scalable and fault-tolerant preparation of encoded k-uniform states

March 18, 2025

Author(s)

Shayan Majidy, Madelyn Cain, Nishad Maskara, Dominik Hangleiter, Michael Gullans

k-uniform states are valuable resources in quantum information, enabling tasks such as teleporta- tion, error correction, and accelerated quantum simulations. However, verifying k-uniformity is as difficult as measuring code distances, and devising fault

Magneto-optics of a charge-tunable quantum dot: Observation of a negative diamagnetic shift

March 17, 2025

Author(s)

Giora Peniakov, A Beck, Eilon Poem, Zu-En Su, Boaz Taitler, Sven Hofling, Garnett Bryant, David Gershoni

We present magneto-optical studies of a self-assembled semiconductor quantum dot in neutral and positively charged states. The diamagnetic shifts and Zeeman splitting of many well identified optical transitions are precisely measured. Remarkably, a

2025 NIST GenAI (Pilot) Evaluation Plan for Image Discriminators

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

George Awad, Hariharan Iyer, Seungmin Seo, Peter Fontana, Yooyoung Lee

In this NIST Generative AI (GenAI) program, we invite and encourage participating teams from academia, industry, and other research labs to support research in Generative AI. GenAI is an evaluation series that provides a platform for testing and evaluation

2025 NIST GenAI (Pilot) Evaluation Plan for Image Generators

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

George Awad, Hariharan Iyer, Seungmin Seo, Peter Fontana, Yooyoung Lee

Building the Next Generation of Metrologists: Opportunities to Improve SI Education and Scientific Literacy at 150 Years and Beyond

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Elizabeth Benham, Katrice Lippa

Through the teaching of the International System of Units (SI) principles, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) educators create a ripple effect, cultivating the next generation of metrologists. This, in turn, builds the solid

Detection limits of AI-based SEM dimensional metrology

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Peter Bajcsy, Brycie Wiseman, Michael Paul Majurski, Andras Vladar

The speed of in-line scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements of linewidth, contact hole, and overlay is critically important for identifying the measurement area and generating indispensable process control information. Sample charging and damage

Mission Critical Voice Roundtable Report

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Alison Kahn, Lisa Soucy

This report summarizes discussions from the Mission Critical Voice Virtual Roundtable hosted by the Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in April 2024. PSCR convened 37 first

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0: Enterprise Risk Management Quick-Start Guide (Japanese translation)

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Stephen Quinn, Victoria Pillitteri, Matthew Barrett, Matthew Smith, Greg Witte

This guide provides an introduction to using the NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 for planning and integrating an enterprise-wide process for integrating cybersecurity risk management information, as a subset of information and communications

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0: Quick-Start Guide for Creating and Using Organizational Profiles (Japanese translation)

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Cherilyn Pascoe, Stephen Quinn, Karen Scarfone

The CSF 2.0 represents a suite of resources (documents and applications) that can be used individually, together, or in combination over time as cybersecurity needs change and capabilities evolve. NIST's materials are designed to reach all audiences and to

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0: Quick-Start Guide for Cybersecurity Supply Chain Risk Management (C-SCRM) (Japanese translation)

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Jon Boyens, Rebecca McWhite, Laura Calloway, Nadya Bartol, Karen Scarfone

The CSF can help an organization become a smart acquirer and supplier of technology products and services. This guide focuses on two ways the CSF can help you: 1) Use the CSF's GV.SC Category to establish and operate a C-SCRM capability. 2) Define and

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0: Quick-Start Guide for Using the CSF Tiers (Japanese translation)

March 14, 2025

Author(s)

Stephen Quinn, Cherilyn Pascoe, Matthew Barrett, Karen Scarfone, Greg Witte

This Quick-Start Guide describes how to apply the CSF 2.0 Tiers. CSF Tiers can be applied to CSF Organizational Profiles to characterize the rigor of an organization's cybersecurity risk governance and management outcomes. This can help provide context on

Advanced communications
-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)
-Quantum communications
-Spectrum sharing
-Wireless (RF)
Bioscience
-Bioeconomy
--Biological data
-Bioimaging
-Bioinformatics
-Biomanufacturing
-Biomaterials
-Biometrology
-Biosecurity
--Biosurveillance
--Genomic cybersecurity
--Nucleic acid sequence screening
-Cell measurements
-Engineering / synthetic biology
--Biofabrication
--Cell-free systems
--Genome engineering
--Protein engineering
-Gene delivery systems
-Genome editing
-Genomics
-Glycomics
-Metabolomics
-Microbial measurements
-Proteomics
-Transcriptomics
Buildings and Construction
-Building codes and standards
-Building control systems
-Building damage and repair
-Building economics
-Building materials
-Energy efficiency
-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment
-Indoor air quality
-Structural engineering
-Thermal comfort
Chemistry
-Analytical chemistry
-Chemical engineering and processing
-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties
-Molecular characterization
-Theoretical chemistry and modeling
-Thermochemical properties
Electronics
-Electromagnetics
-Flexible electronics
-Magnetoelectronics
-Optoelectronics
-Organic electronics
-Semiconductors
-Sensors
-Superconducting electronics
Energy
-Alternative energy
-Conventional energy
-Electric power / smart grid
-Fuels
Environment
-Air / water / soil quality
-Climate Measurements
-Environmental health
-Greenhouse gas measurements
-Marine science
-Sustainability
Fire
-Fire detection
-Fire dynamics and science
-Fire fighting
-Fire modeling
-Fire risk reduction
-Materials flammability
-Structural fire resistance
-Wildland urban interface fire
Forensic Science
-Digital evidence
-Drugs and toxicology
-Firearms and toolmarks
-Forensic biometrics
-Forensic genetics
-Trace evidence
Health
-Biopharmaceuticals
-Cell and gene therapy
-Clinical diagnostics
--Cancer
--Medical imaging
-Food and nutrition
-Human microbiome
-Precision medicine
-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy
--Flow cytometry
Information technology
-Artificial intelligence
--AI measurement and evaluation
--Applied AI
--Fundamental AI
--Hardware for AI
--Machine learning
--Trustworthy and responsible AI
-Biometrics
-Cloud computing and virtualization
-Complex systems
-Computational science
-Conformance testing
-Cyber-physical systems
--Smart cities
-Cybersecurity
--Cryptography
--Cybersecurity education and workforce development
--Cybersecurity measurement
--Identity and access management
--Privacy engineering
--Risk management
--Securing emerging technologies
--Trustworthy networks
--Trustworthy platforms
-Data and informatics
--Human language technology
--Information retrieval
--Natural language processing
-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)
-Health IT
-Internet of Things (IoT)
-Interoperability testing
-Location based services
-Mobile
-Networking
--Mobile and wireless networking
--Network management and monitoring
--Network modeling and analysis
--Network security and robustness
--Network test and measurement
--Next generation networks
--Protocol design and standardization
--Software defined and virtual networks
-Privacy
-Software research
--Software testing
-Usability and human factors
--Accessibility
-Video analytics
-Virtual / augmented reality
-Visualization research
-Voting systems
Infrastructure
Manufacturing
-Additive manufacturing
-Factory communications
-Factory operations planning and control
-Interoperability in manufacturing
-Machining
-Manufacturing economics
-Manufacturing quality assurance
-Manufacturing systems design and analysis
-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics
-Process improvement
-Process measurement and control
-Product data
-Robotics in manufacturing
--Agility and adaptability
--Collaborative robots
--Dexterous grasping
--Manipulation
--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles
--Navigation / actuation / control
--Sensing and perception
-Supply chain
-Sustainable manufacturing
-Systems engineering
-Systems integration
-Technology commercialization
Materials
-Ceramics
-Composites
-Concrete / cement
-Materials characterization
--Composition and structure
--Mechanical properties
--Thermal properties
-Metals
-Modeling and computational material science
-Polymers
-Superconductors
Mathematics and statistics
-Experiment design
-Image and signal processing
-Modeling and simulation research
-Numerical methods and software
-Statistical analysis
-Uncertainty quantification
Metrology
-Amount of substance
-Dimensional metrology
-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology
-Flow metrology and rheology
-Force metrology
-Humidity metrology
-Ionizing radiation metrology
-Mass metrology
-Metric
-Optical / photometry / laser metrology
-Pressure and vacuum metrology
-Thermometry metrology
-Time and frequency metrology
-Weights and measures
Nanotechnology
-Nanobiotechnology
-Nanochemistry
-Nanoelectronics
-Nanofabrication / manufacturing
--Lithography
--Self-assembly
-Nanofluidics
-Nanomagnetics
-Nanomaterials
-Nanomechanics
-Nanometrology
-Nanophotonics
-Nanophysics
-Nanoplasmonics
Neutron research
Performance excellence
-Assessment tools and services
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-Baldrige examiners
-Baldrige Framework and Criteria
-Best practices
-Leadership development
Physics
-Atomic / molecular / quantum
-Biological physics
-Condensed matter
-Electron physics
-Magnetics
-Nuclear physics
-Optical physics and communications
-Quantum information science
-Radiation
-Spectroscopy
-Thermodynamics
-Time and frequency
Public safety
-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)
-First responder preparedness
-Law enforcement
-Public safety communications research
-Response robots
Resilience
-Community resilience
--Recovery
--Resilience metrics
-Disaster and failure studies
-Earthquake risk reduction
-Resilience economics
-Resilient materials
-Windstorm impact reduction
Standards
-Accreditation
-Calibration services
-Conformity assessment
-Documentary standards
-Frameworks
-Quality assurance
-Reference data
-Reference instruments
-Reference materials
-Standards education
Technology transfer
Transportation
-Aerospace
-Automotive