OSAC Lexicon
The OSAC Lexicon is a compendium of forensic science terms and definitions. This terminology tool was created to help bring consistency and understanding to the way terms are used by the various forensic science. Use of the OSAC Lexicon does not replace the need to reference the original published source.
The terms and definitions in the OSAC Lexicon come from the published literature, including documentary standards and technical reports. It is continually updated with the latest work from OSAC units, as well as terms from newly published documentary standards and standards elevated to the OSAC Registry.
Gradually terms are evaluated and harmonized by the OSAC to a single term. This process results in an OSAC Preferred Term. An OSAC Preferred Term is a term, along with its definition, that has undergone review and evaluation by the FSSB Terminology Task Group and has been approved by the FSSB. The FSSB recommends that subcommittees use OSAC Preferred Terms when drafting standards.
The OSAC Lexicon should be the primary resource for terminology and used when drafting and editing forensic science standards and other OSAC work products.
process of obtaining dimensional information regarding objects and people depicted in an image.
the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant energy and other phenomena.
in image analysis and facial identification, the assessment of the correspondence between features in images and known objects or images for the purpose of rendering an opinion regarding identification, elimination, or a qualified conclusion (as opposed to a demonstrative exhibit).
A standard two-dimensional image illuminated and captured in the visible wave lengths (380 to 780 nm). This definition is specific to this standard other references may refer to images captured using non-visible wavelengths converted to visible wavelengths as photographic images, but they are not so classified for purposes of this standard. A photographic image is conveyed in a Type-10 record (unless it is an iris image conveyed in Type-17, or a friction ridge image conveyed in one of Types 4, 13, 14, 15, or 19). A non-photographic image is conveyed in a Type-22 record. Original source images are conveyed in Type-20 records and non-biometric associated context images are conveyed in Type-21 records, regardless of the format or source of the image.
Surface topography measurement method in computer vision for measuring the surface normals ofa surface by observing that surface under different lighting conditions. Given sufficient independentlight sources, the surface normals, and thus surface geometry, can be determined for every positionon the surface.
the measurement of light values of objects in an image.
photosensitive vacuum tube device that quantitatively converts photons of light into electrical energy.
A criterion used to guide the selection of species for comparative analysis and species determination; the selection of species is based on genetic relatedness.
A branching diagram that illustrates putative relationships amongst organisms.
NOTE Phylograms are typically generated using genetic sequences and/or morphological characters.
in computer forensics, an accurate reproduction of information contained on a physical digital data storage device.
an association based upon the realignment of two or more items that demonstrate they were once joined together to form a single object.
Discussion—The term match (for example, physical match, fracture match) is not recommended to be used as it can be misleading to the layperson.
in computer forensics, a bit stream duplicate of data contained on a physical digital data storage device.
Any external storage material of the voice signal and content information in eitheranalog or digital form. Examples include reel-to-reel recording tape, cassette tape,Compact Disc, and phonograph record.
a finely ground, inorganic or organic, insoluble, dispersed particle. Besides color, a pigment can provide many of the essential properties of paint, such as opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance. The term pigment includes extenders.
a finely ground, organic or inorganic, insoluble, and dispersed particle. Besides color, a pigment can provide many of the essential properties of paint, such as opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance (see also effect pigment).
a finely ground, inorganic or organic, insoluble, and dispersed particle; besides color, pigments provide many of the essential properties of paint such as opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance; the term pigment includes extenders.
a finely-divided insoluble material used to deluster or color fibers (for example, titanium dioxide and iron oxide).
clusters of pigment granules.
the relative abundance of pigment granules in the hair cortex as described along a continuum (for example, sparse, medium, heavy).
the pattern or arrangement of the pigment granules in the hair shaft, such as uniform, peripheral, one-sided, variable, or central.
small particles in hair composed of melanin that impart color. Discussion—Melanin is a natural pigment of which two forms, eumelanin (brown to black) and phaeomelanin (reddish brown to yellow), determine the color of human and animal hair.
a hair disorder causing hairs to appear ringed or banded due to the alternating light and dark bands in the hair shaft. The dark bands are a manifestation of abnormal air spaces in the cortex.
a hair disorder characterized by the hair shaft being flattened and twisted 180 degrees numerous times along its axis. It is usually found at irregular intervals along the shaft.
See ignition temperature.
in facial identification, an intrinsic rotation of the head about a horizontal left-to-right (lateral) axis measured in degrees.
Discussion—Frontal poses have a pitch angle of 0. Positive angles represent faces looking down (a counter-clockwise rotation around the axis). The pitch axis is typically defined as the X-axis (positive to the right).
Personal Identity Verification.
the process of combining counts from adjacent pixels in a CCD detector during readout.
A fingerprint image resulting from the touching of one or more fingers to a livescanplaten or paper fingerprint card without any rolling motion.
light in which the electric field vibrates in one direction in a single plane.
The friction ridge skin on the feet (soles and toes).
Any of a wide range of natural or synthetic organic materials of high molecular weight that can be formed by pressure, heat, extrusion, and other methods into desired shapes.
A permanent distortion of bone’s shape without fracture caused by a force exceeding an element’s elastic limit/elastic modulus/yield point.
a high explosive in a pliable plastic matrix; examples include Composition C-4 (a white plastic explosive containing primarily RDX) and Semtex (a plastic explosive containing a mixture of PETN and RDX).
material added to plastics to impart flexibility by creating spaces between the polymer chains and lowering the inter- and intra-chain attractive forces, allowing freer movement of the chains. Discussion—Plasticizers are used in pressure sensitive backings (particularly PVC) and some adhesives to lower the glass-transition temperature and allow use at sub-ambient temperatures.
Plate or plates used to press the substrate against the prefix, elements, payee perforator, or segments.
blades with nearly equal length and breadth and of a thickness substantially less than the width.
recorded material viewed and heard as recorded, facilitated by camcorder, cassette recorder, or other device.
in audio and video analysis, the process of determining the most suitable equipment and settings for producing the highest quality output signal.
crystals resembling pliers, generally X-shaped.
The column of hot gases, flames, and smoke rising above a fire; also called convection column, thermal updraft, or thermal column.
(1) the number of single yarns twisted together to form a plied yarn, or the number of plied yarns twisted together to form cord; (2) an individual yarn in a plied yarn or cord; (3) one of a number of layers of fabric; (4) the number of layers of fabric as a shirt collar, or of cord in a tire.
Portable Network Graphics.
The physical location within the area of origin where a heat source, a fuel, and an oxidizing agent first interact, resulting in a fire or explosion.
An open area search method in which the canine team moves in a straight line from one designated location (point) to another.